Wednesday, January 29, 2020
What were British objectives in the Paris Peace talks Essay Example for Free
What were British objectives in the Paris Peace talks Essay In January 1919, having recognised that the signed armistice of November 1918 marked only a temporary ceasefire with the Central Powers, the Allied leaders convened in Paris to negotiate the various peace treaties with their defeated counterparts. The conference which unfolded bore witness to an intense debate revolving around both a clash of interest and ideology and ultimately resulted in a compromise which satisfied none of its creators. Regardless of whether Britain acted either as a mediator between America and France or was the French’s main opponent, Britain certainly entered discussions with overarching concerns for the need for both a durable peace and to accommodate wartime treaty commitments as well as recognising the need to both reorder the world map and to construct a new diplomatic system. To its own ends, however, maintenance of the Empire’s unity, holdings and interests were the principal focus of British concern in the conference. Due to Britain’s position as one of the three leading Allied powers it was able to obtain, in circumstances of divergent national interests, much of what it set out to achieve. It must however be noted that in some quarters, in particular relating to the settlement of Eastern Europe and the Treaty of Versailles, Britain was not entirely satisfied. Throughout the conference, Britain had several objectives which tied into those of both America and France, however for all countries involved there was certainly a desperate need for durable peace and to deal with mattes such as the removal of the Royal Naval blockade of Germany and the issue of the presence of Allied troops in the Rhineland. By the end of the World War One, Britain had been able to maintain its relatively strong position and still stood with an unequalled empire and ranked as the world’s richest power. Yet Joseph Chamberlain’s coined phrase, lamenting Britain’s prospects to no more than a, ‘weary titan staggering under the orb of its own weight’, did bring as much reality with it as it did gloom. The war had resulted in an eleven fold increase in National Debt, a surge in taxation levels and a huge overall reduction in Britain’s GDP. It was therefore certainly apparent that Britain’s own strategic position would be at the forefront of British minds throughout the conference. Ultimately Britain, like the rest of the victorious Allied countries, desired a long-lasting peace which would result in preventing any major future European wars and as such required the outcome of neutering any lingering German threat. The agreement that therefore arose was no more than an imposed peace, or Diktat, and ensured both that Germany would be unable to mount a serious challenge in the coming years whilst at the same time satisfying British and French public opinion which had called for the total destruction of Germany. For Britain itself, it was imperative that Europe stabilised because the fortunes of Britain were essentially placed in the hands of the European economy. The restoration of Germany, Britain’s largest trading partner prior to the war, as an economic power would have had the chain effect of both stabilising Europe and the world’s economy, which was vital for a prosperous Britain. Furthermore, and especially for Lloyd George who was fighting an election battle, it was certainly Britain’s objective to satisfy the general public. With around one million casualties, Britain had practically lost and entire generation whilst at the same time Britain was also in the uncomfortable position of having most to lose from a future war. Indeed with the advent of new military technology, in particular from U-boats, Britain would have been likely to have suffered greatly from another war and as such the need for a lasting peace was colossal from a British perspective. In actuality Britain did achieve much of its desire for a durable peace. Peace settlements with Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey and Hungary ensured that much of the sanctions that Britain wished to impose were realised whilst at the same time, to some extent at least, the level of stability that Britain desired in Eastern Europe was achieved. Moreover, British public opinion was also largely satisfied by the Treaty of Versailles. The extent to which it did make Germany suffer was widely accepted throughout Britain, with only minor criticism coming from those, such as Keynes, who believed it to be too harsh. Yet, and in particular from hindsight, there were some issues which would almost certainly oppose Britain’s ambition for a lasting peace. Most appreciable there was widespread discontent throughout Germany over the nature of the treaty. Derided as a ‘blank cheque’, the treaty imposed, under Article 231, that Germany accept full responsibility for the war and this lead to much outrage throughout Germany, with much of the population longing for the opportunity for revenge. Moreover throughout the rest of Europe there was also much resentment. Bulgaria, Turkey and Hungary were all left feeling aggrieved by the outcome of their respective treaties whilst in particular the reduction of Austria’s population to eight million and the prevention of a future Anschluss resulted in much bitterness. It was clear that the defeated Central Powers had much to feel aggrieved about and this certainly reduced the prospect of a durable peace. Events boiled to a head in the Chanak crisis and the resulting outcome indicated both that the imposed treaties were neither as strong as intended and also negotiable, for Britain this meant that their ambition for a stable Europe would never be completely realised. Lloyd George certainly reflected this in his Fontainbleu memorandum, in which he stated that if Germany was ‘unjustly treated’ it would ‘find means of exacting retribution’. Moreover, Britain also recognised the need to accommodate wartime treaty commitments and to fulfil promises which had been made to countries, such as Italy, Greece and Romania, throughout the war. These issues extended back to the Treaty of London in 1915 where for example Italy has been persuaded to join the Allies, with the incentive of territorial gains of the Trentino and Tyrol as far as Brenner, Trieste and Istria along with full ownership of Albanian Valona and Britain was eager to ensure that all countries involved within the war would not be left aggrieved with the outcome of the conference. For Britain it was important to ensure that the European economy recovered quickly and as such it was a necessity that there was stability throughout Europe. Moreover for the status quo to be maintained it was vital that Britain sustained its wartime allies. As such Britain’s involvement in the League of Nations and the punitive nature of the Treaty of Versailles did much to maintain its relationship with America and France respectively. Whilst more generally, with the exception of the relationship with Japan which was forgone for the sake of relations with America, Britain maintained its relationship with Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Turkey and Italy and therefore was reasonably successful in its attempts to ensure the relative survival of the status quo and its wartime allies. Linked to Britain’s desire for a durable peace came its ambition to guarantee its security.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Attack on America :: essays research papers
Tonya Wood                                   October 4, 2001     Dr. Annan                                        Freshman Seminar                     The Attack On America      I was quite saddened by the event that took place on September 11, 2001. An unfortunate tragedy occurred in New York that will go down in history. Two airplanes crashed into the World Trade Center, causing them to collapse, injuring and killing thousands of people.      When I first learned of the catastrophe, I was in my dorm room asleep because I don’t have classes on Tuesdays. My mom called me and informed me of the horrendous episode and it actually took me a while to realize what happened. But when I turned the television on, everything was clear as day. I saw people falling and jumping out of windows. It was horrific. My initial feelings were hatred toward the culprits behind this cowardly act. I couldn’t comprehend exactly what the purpose of this was proving. I hope and pray that Osama bin Laden and whoever else is responsible for this callous act is given capital punishment.      If I were in the position to do something I would donate clothing, blood, counseling, and anything else that would assist anyone who needed emotional support. But unfortunately I can’t donate blood because I’ve had body tattoos done recently.      My feelings toward the people that live in the Middle East are good nor bad because not all of them can be held responsible and not one individual can be pinpointed. But it is unfortunate for them because even though they are Americans, they are considered as â€Å"one of them†who were involved in this hate crime. It’s quite sad.          It’s very difficult to say why exactly we were attacked, but I’m sure whoever was responsible for this had more than one motive. I’ve heard numerous reasons and some people think we should attack; others think we should make peace. I personally think that if we don’t fight back and let everything go, we’ll be attacked again. If it takes bombing Afghanistan, then that’s what it takes.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal
This is not so! To support this argument Michael Faraday is the perfect example. Faraday didn't receive a formal education, yet through the dint of hard work and sheer determination he became one of the 19'Th Century. Michael Faraday belonged to the poor family of a blacksmith. His parents were so poor that they were not able to send Faraday to school. At a time when all boys of his age went to school, Faraday was ngaged in menial work.Due to the crushing poverty of his family, Faraday was forced to take up several odd Jobs that taught him how to fend for himself when he was still a minor. However, in the course of time, Faradays hard work and a flair for science made him one of the most successful scientists of his time in England. Faraday took deep interest in science and made a significant contribution to the study of physics and chemistry. Faraday had an extraordinary number of ingenious ways to work out on scientific methods. This special ability of Faradays astonished many reno wned scientists of his time.Faraday was the first scientist who succeeded in liquefying a permanent gas. This was without doubt a great discovery of his time. Moreover, Faraday is much acclaimed for his major contribution to electricity and magnetism. It was Faraday who laid the foundation of the electric motor, the generator, the transformer, etc. As with physics Faraday was also interested In chemistry. He discovered benzene and used it for different purposes In fact, Faraday didn't have a university education; but he was still unanimously appointed professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution.This was the acknowledgement of his rofound knowledge and Ingenious capacity to deal with scientific methods. Faradays lectures on science were highly knowledge and fully of witty remarks. In order to give due respect to Michael Faraday, a unit of electricity was named after him. It is called â€Å"Farad†this Is the unit to measures an amount of electrical charge. In the course of time, Faraday developed generators and transformers which were regarded as major Inventions of 19'Th century. Not only this, Faraday Is also remembered for having coined new technical words used In electricity Ilke Ion, electrode, cathode, and anode etc.MICHAEL FARADAY was born on September 22, 1791, In Newington Butts, London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday and Mrs. Margaret Hastwell migrated from Clapham, Yorkshire, to London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday was a blacksmith, and he was managing to survive on a very meager Income. Faradays early childhood was spent In poverty and hardship. When Faraday was a young boy of ten, he saw all his playmates going to school. Like many other boys, Faraday also wanted go to school , therefore he repeatedly Implored his father to send him to school but his father would say , â€Å"next year†, and that next year never came.As a result , all his life Faraday was deprived of school and a university education. Actually Mr. Faraday wanted to send his son to school , but he was simply unable duo to his very poor financial state. HIS Income was quite low and also not very reliable. Due to such an erratic Income from his profession Mr. Faraday could not send his son to send him to a school. â€Å"l should do something to educate myself. †Although Faraday was not going to school, he had an unusual obsession for reading and collecting books of all kinds. His interest chiefly lay in science.He began to collect good books o matter how expensive they were and , to meet the expenses of buying books ; Faraday began to do all sorts of odd Jobs that came his way. Faradays love for books was well known among his friends. One fine morning, Faraday was going to a Job when he met one of his bosom pals, he informed Faraday about a Job opportunity available in a bookbinding shop. This was absolutely fabulous news for Faraday because he knew working in a bookbinding shop meant getting an opportunity to read plenty of books.Faraday immediately changed direction and headed towards the bookbinder's shop and asked the owner for the Job. The owner of the bookbinding shop was Mr. Riebau who was a kind man. He agreed to employ Faraday on a nominal wage, but for Faraday a Job in a bookbinding shop was more valuable than any wage. Faraday was extremely happy with his new Job. He would go to work well before the duty time and leave late in the evening. Faraday would also bring some books with him whose delivery was to be made little late. Faraday started serious study of any science books which fell into his hand.He had taken a keen interest in science , but especially in physics and chemistry. It became a routine for Faraday to study late into the night , but sometimes he would even remain awake for the whole night and read an entire book in a single sitting. Faraday worked in Mr. Riebau's bookbinding shop for over eight years. After 8 years of service in Mr. Riebau's shop , Faraday then Joined in Mr. De La Roche's bookbinding shop. Here too Faraday did his work with complete dedication and gave his mater no opportunity to make a complaint against him.During this period Faraday had successfully managed to collect his own personal library which he kept in his little bedroom where he would study physics and chemistry with complete dedication. While reading science and the works of great scientists , Faraday began to nurture a desire of becoming a scientists deep in his heart. One day a satisfied costumer gave a ticket to Faraday. The ticket was a gate-pass to attend lecture of Sir Humphrey Daw at Royal Institute. Faraday was very grateful to the gentleman who have him the ticket as he was very eager to attend the lectures.On the day of Daws lectures Faraday reached the hall almost an hour early and secure his seat in the first row so that he could see and hear Daws lecture clearly. One by one Faraday attended all the lectures of Sir. Humphrey Daw. Sir Humphrey Daws learned lectures left a profound impression on Faraday. While Sir Daw was delivering lectures , Faraday has noted down every single important fact in his notebook. Later he carefully studied those notes and wrote several pages which he made into a thick book and went straight to Humphrey Daws house.Faraday handed over this book to Sir Humphrey Daw and requested him to read in his leisure time. Sir Daw studied Faradays book and found it very interesting. A few days later Faraday asked Sir Daws opinion about his book , Sir Daw said he was impressed by his work and these words of Sir Daw were more than enough to nspire a young man like Faraday. Faradays meeting with Sir Daw left a good impression upon Sir Daws mind. A few months later Faraday sought a Job in Sir Daws laboratory, because he was eager to see scientific experiments close-up. as extremely glad as he had the opportunity to work under the guidance of Sir Daw, a renowned scientist of his time. Faraday was very delighted in order to i mprove his understanding of science. Sir Daw taught him several important aspects of physics and chemistry that tremendously helped to expand Faradays mental horizon . Sir Daw was also very satisfied at seeing Faradays rapid progress as he was picking up verything very quickly. After one year of hard work , Faraday has the opportunity to be one of the members of Sir Daws entourage on a European tour.On this important tour , Sir Daw delivered many erudite lectures that Faraday had noted down in his notebooks. Faraday had also received some rare opportunities to meet with some renowned scientists. Faraday duly capitalised on this opportunity to improve his scientific Knowledge. While Faraday was doing very well in science , Mrs. Daw never treated Faraday as more than a servant , but Faraday never made any complaint about her obnoxious behaviour to Sir Daw. Faraday remained a through gentleman all his life. Upon his return from the tour on 1815 , Faraday became even more ambitious to b e a scientist then he was before.Now he wanted to establish his own identity as a scientist rather than Just as a working assistant in Sir Daws laboratory. So Faraday began to study will all his ability. Faraday seriously began making a series of experiments until late into the night. On the basis of his long-time experiments and through study of science. He eventually developed electromagnetic rotations. Faraday showed his discoveries to Sir Daw and asked his opinion for its publication n the scientific Journal, but Sir Daw delayed giving his opinion on Faradays discoveries and that soured their relationship.Sir Daw did not acknowledge Faradays achievement at the first sight and never gave the ideas for this. Anyway , Faraday was most embarrassed at receiving such a cold reception from Sir Daw. However , without getting Sir Daws approval, Faraday published his works on electromagnetic rotation. When Faradays papers were published in a reputed science Journal, Sir Daw blamed Faraday for publishing his papers without his acknowledgement. After the publication of Faradays papers in the science Journal hose scientists who disliked Faraday accused him of stealing or plagiarizing the ideas of other scientists.Faraday did not lend an ear to the clamor his opponents were making, Instead Faraday went on with more experiments and published many scientific papers in several Journals. Faraday succeeded to liquefy chlorine in 1823 and proved that a gas can also be liquefied. Slowly but steadily , Faraday was emerging from obscurity into the limelight as a rising scientist. Faraday submitted an application to the Royal Institute in 1824 and sought to be elected a fellow of the Royal Institute , but his application was ruthlessly turned down.Later it was suspected that actually Sir Daw did not want to see Faraday sitting equal to him. In spite of Sir Daws strong opposition , the following year Faraday was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and later directory of the labo ratory of the Royal Institute. Faraday took special interest in the study of electromagnetic function. After a series of experiments , he discovered electromagnetic induction , the battery , the electric arc , and electrostatics. These were some of the major discoveries which duly lifted eputation to a new height as a most brilliant scientist.The loads of work and staying up late into night caused severe harm to his health. Due to heavy workload, he often Faraday complained of losing his memory and that made him unable to write about studying or experiment on new things as freely as he wanted. Faraday passed away peacefully at the age of 76 in his arm chair on August 25 , 1867. Faraday discoveries and inventions created new avenues in the field of science and technology. Faraday was without doubt one of the foremost scientist who set the foundations of scientific discovery.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Marketing Regulations Of Indonesia s Tobacco - 1146 Words
As the fourth most populous country in the world, the leniency of Indonesia‟s tobacco marketing regulations presents an opportunity for local and global tobacco companies to penetrate the market and aggressively expand their operations. Indonesia is among the five largest producers and exporters of cigarettes in the world (WHO, 2012). In 2011 Indonesia ranked third in the number of male smokers and 17th for female smokers (WHO, 2012). The number of cigarette consumers is the third-largest in the world. In 2008 the consumption of cigarettes in Indonesia was 225 billion sticks, with, on average, 12.8 cigarettes smoked a day (WHO, 2012) Indonesia is the only WHO member state in Southeast Asia that has not ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Consequently, 67.4 per cent of adult males and 4.5 per cent adult females (approximately 61.4 million adults) currently consume tobacco (WHO, 2012). Not only is smoking pervasive among males in Indonesia, but initiation begins early with over a quarter of urban and rural 10 year old boys smoking. Over 90 per cent of smokers in Indonesia smoke clove cigarettes (kretek) (WHO, 2012), which contain more nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide than ordinary white cigarettes, and it has been estimated that 200,000 Indonesians die each year from smoking related illnesses, 25,000 of them not even smokers (Evans, 2012). In comparison to other countries in the region, tobacco in Indonesia is cheap and tax rates are low. Tobacco taxes inShow MoreRelatedTobacco And Its Effect On Society831 Words  | 4 PagesIntroduction Tobacco or cigarette is a classical issue in the world. There is no exact evidence that states when did the smoking behaviour actually was started. However, according to cancercouncil.com.au (n.d.), tobacco plants have grown in the wild for nearly 8000 years, and people have started chewing and smoking tobacco since 2000 years ago. 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It was to mark the beginning
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